Steve shares his knowledge, experience, and wisdom to help better equip and empower your capacity to mount a robust and effective response to a serious challenge.

steveHOLMES
cholangiocarcinoma survivor.
My younger brother Graeme and I were diagnosed with the same aggressive terminal cancer, with 6 months to live
cholangiocarcinoma survivor.
My younger brother Graeme and I were diagnosed with the same aggressive terminal cancer, with 6 months to live
I survived. Graeme did not.
My survival became part of a modern-day medical breakthrough — revealing a new pathway for how patients can respond to, and survive, even from the most serious of late-stage settings.
Surviving stage IV terminal cancer is remarkable in itself. It attracts attention — and with it, an unexpected responsibility.
Cancer patients suffer a lot.
That’s what it is to be a patient.
So anything I can do to reduce that suffering — to make life more liveable — is a good thing. A meaningful thing.
Sharing my battle-earned knowledge does exactly that.
It shines a light on what’s possible.
my walk with CHOLANGIO
Diagnosed with extrahepatic distal cholangiocarcinoma — located in the bile duct at the head of the pancreas — worst of all GI and digestive cancers. Equalled by a metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) diagnosis.
Cholangiocarcinoma: Chol; bile. angio; vessel or duct. carcinoma; cancer of the protective lining. 2-3% survival if metastatic. Most are.
25 hours of surgery removing multiple organs.
One month later: a ruptured aneurysm of my main hepatic artery at home — massive internal bleeding, vomiting blood, minutes from death. Claire kept me alive long enough for a surgeon to intervene and save my life — with seconds to spare.
But the cancer returned — fast, aggressive, widespread metastases across my liver and lungs. Too many to count.
Now late-stage, stage IV, with weeks — if not days — to live…
A LAST-MINUTE HAIL MARY PASS — in the form of a clinical trial: KEYNOTE-158.
It took just 3 days for all the pain to disappear.
And my first scan confirmed I was cancer-free.
I had just walked the talk of the greatest scientific minds alive today — and possibly achieved the fastest documented complete responses ever recorded in cancer.
This Cancer that nearly took me in the dead of night.
It shaped me, it shaped my path.
steve HOLMES
cholangiocarcinoma survivor.
My younger brother Graeme and I were diagnosed with the same aggressive terminal cancer, with 6 months to live
I survived. Graeme did not.
My survival became part of a modern-day medical breakthrough — revealing a new pathway for how patients can respond to, and survive, even from the most serious of late-stage settings.
Surviving stage IV terminal cancer is remarkable in itself. It attracts attention — and with it, an unexpected responsibility.
Cancer patients suffer a lot.
That’s what it is to be a patient.
So anything I can do to reduce that suffering — to make life more liveable — is a good thing. A meaningful thing.
Sharing my battle-earned knowledge does exactly that.
It shines a light on what’s possible.
my walk with CHOLANGIO
Diagnosed with extrahepatic distal cholangiocarcinoma — located in the bile duct at the head of the pancreas — the worst of all Gi and digestive cancers. Equalled only by a metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) diagnosis.
Cholangiocarcinoma: Chol; bile. angio; vessel or duct. carcinoma; cancer of the protective lining. 2-3% survival if metastatic. Most are.
25 hours of surgery removing multiple organs.
One month later: a ruptured aneurysm of my main hepatic artery at home — massive internal bleeding, vomiting blood, minutes from death. Claire kept me alive long enough for a surgeon to intervene and save my life — with seconds to spare.
But the cancer returned — fast, aggressive, widespread metastases across my liver and lungs. Too many to count.
Now late-stage, stage IV, with weeks — if not days — to live…
A LAST-MINUTE HAIL MARY PASS — in the form of a clinical trial: KEYNOTE-158.
It took just 3 days for all the pain to disappear.
And my first scan confirmed I was cancer-free.
I had just walked the talk of the greatest scientific minds alive today — and possibly achieved one of the fastest documented complete responses ever recorded in cancer.
This Cancer that nearly took me in the dead of night.
It shaped me, it shaped my path.
“Steve, go out there and ride your bike —
Do something special with the opportunity you’ve just been given.”
~ Dr Matthew Burge
I hope this page honours that opportunity —
and shines a light on what’s possible — for you.
Recent Podcast

Quick Skim

I lead a foundation built to innovate and outpace cancer.
Today. Not tomorrow. That’s it.
As a late-stage IV survivor,
that’s the strategic clarity I bring —
to the patients on the frontline,
and to the boardrooms that support them.
The key is this: simplifying.
By stripping cancer of its complexity, we strip it of its reputational power over us.
We unlock the power of the patient,
accelerate science,
and lift survival.
That is what moves the needle — today.
Anything else just gets in the way of elevating survival.
I lead from the battlefield —
shoulder to shoulder with patients and families.
Every day. That is where innovation and victory live.
- Co-Founder and CEO – Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation Australia
- Co-Author & Advisor – National and global cholangiocarcinoma pathways
- Founder, Cancer Delta — Private. Creative. Disruptive. Re-engineering prevention, detection, and response.
My Key Focus
I am designing a new era in cancer — building patient-led systems that prevent, detect, and outpace it.
➤ Innovation: Building a professional, patient-led culture that is a survival system in itself. A force on the battlefield.
➤ Biology: Bile drives metabolism. Metabolism fuels cellular resilience. Fundamental to cancer prevention.
➤ Investigation: The cure is in the cause—Bile at its root.
Industry & Contributions
Ealy Detection, Prevention & Response Systems • Patient-Led Culture • Research • Innovation
- Advisory Committee Member — Global Cholangiocarcinoma Alliance (GCA)
- Member – Global Research Priorities Team (ICRN, Salt Lake City, 2025)
- Contributing Member – Australian Bridging Funding Coalition
- Member – Omico Patient Advisory Group (CGP) Comprehensive Genomic Profiling
Publications & Works
- Contributing Co-Author — Controversies in the Management of Biliary Tract Cancer (BTC Registry Manuscript), 2025 | NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney
- Contributing Author & Advisory Committee Member — Biliary Cancer Optimal Care Pathway, 2025 | Australia
- Architect – OPR Pathway™ (Optimal Patient Response): framework pathway and culture for patient survival
- Architect – Patient Navigator Journal™ Series: step-by-step guides for newly diagnosed patients
- Architect – How We Win™ (Patient-Led Operating System for Cancer Survival), 2024
- Author – Doctrines of Cancer (Philosophical Frameworks for Patient-Led Survival), 2023
- Author – The Cancer Chronicles™ (narrative series making cancer biology understandable for patients and families)
- Creator – LEX Interpretation™ (Live Experience Interpreter): turns medical language into human language for all ages, bridging genomic and clinical reports into patient and family understanding
™ – Steve Holmes
Delving Deeper
Effective cancer leadership demands clarity across three fronts:
Battlefield.
Medical response.
Science.
And this battle is fought in three ways:
Response.
Early detection.
Prevention.
A silent epidemic is unfolding.
Paralleling the explosion of cancers we now face.
And bile duct cancer is at its center.
A missing link, hidden in plain sight.
Bile is the river of life inside us —
central to metabolism, digestion, and cellular strength.
But in just a few decades, its flow has turned toxic —
and taken cellular health with it.
It is the canary in the cancer coal mine.
Not lung. Not breast.
But bile duct and pancreatic cancers — the deadliest of all.
Rising fast. No improvement in survival.
Still no effective response. Still no prevention.
Toxic bile → metabolic failure → cellular malnutrition → increased cancers.
Bile health is central to cellular health.
Cellular health is central to prevention.
Prevention is our greatest survival strategy.
The only way out — is to innovate our way there.
I have learned:
Regular people, with commonsense, cut through cancer’s complexity with clarity.
Give them the right tools and the right pathway —
and they redefine what’s possible.
Chapters Of Me
When I was 29, my brother Graeme and I were at cricket practice. Dad, our coach, was tossing balls back to the bowlers. Then, without warning, he collapsed from a heart attack. He was 52.
Neither Graeme nor I knew CPR. I stood there, helpless, as he died at our feet.
I’d had chances to learn. I didn’t take them. It would’ve been simple. Fast. But I didn’t prepare—and when it counted, I failed.
That guilt has never left me. It then proceeded to shape everything that followed.
How could it not, if Dad’s life was to mean anything?
The Second Blow
Years later, Graeme—now 52—called with news: he had terminal cholangiocarcinoma. We’d never heard of it. Neither had his doctors. They had to Google it.
Graeme trusted the system — but it wasn’t built for this cancer. They didn’t give up out of malice. They gave up because they didn’t know how to respond.
There was no lived-experience network. No strategy. No support. He was left isolated—managed, but alone. He never had a chance.
I was back on the sidelines. Again, helpless. Again, nothing I could do.
Graeme died, leaving behind a wife and two children. Their lives were changed forever.
Later that year, I broke my neck in a cycling accident. I was paralysed down my right side for nearly a year.
Where My Helplessness Ended
Then, after recovering and regaining my full functions, I was diagnosed with the same cancer — but at a more aggressive version.
My decline was fast. The odds: less than 1%. Statistically, no one survived from where I stood. But amazingly I did.
Mum wanted me to walk away. “Take the miracle and move on,” she said.
But I couldn’t. I had kids too. And Graeme didn’t get to walk away.
My survival couldn’t just be mine. It had to mean something more.
That helplessness I’d lived with for years—I wasn’t going to let it lead anymore.
From healthy cyclist to terminal cancer patient with weeks to live—then back to cycling 400 km a week—and building a patient-led response system for cancer. This is how it happened.
Late October 2016 – The First Sign
I was on a Saturday coffee ride between Main Beach and Burleigh on the Gold Coast when a sudden wave of weakness hit—like a bad flu. I pulled out and went straight home.
I had no idea it would mark the start of a battle for my life.
November 2016 – Diagnosis
Tests revealed elevated liver enzymes. A scan showed lesions blocking bile flow.
Then came the diagnosis: cholangiocarcinoma. Six months to live.
It was the same cancer that had taken my brother Graeme two years earlier.
December 8, 2016 – Whipple Surgery
A 14-hour, multi-organ surgery by seven surgeons. They removed:
- Common hepatic duct (lower section)
- Common bile duct
- Gallbladder
- 80% of my stomach
- Head of pancreas
- Ampulla of Vater
- Sphincter of Oddi
- Duodenum (first chamber of the small intestine)
- 2 lymph nodes
January 5, 2017 – Aneurysm
An emergency aneurysm ruptured in my main hepatic artery. I was minutes from death.
Dr Tom Snow, who was about to leave the hospital, returned just in time to save my life.
July 2017 – Aggressive Recurrence
The cancer returned. This time, it was everywhere:
Large tumours across my liver
Lungs—too many to count
Breathing became difficult. Sitting was painful.
I was now stage 4, with weeks—possibly days—to live.
The Hail Mary Pass
Dr Matthew Burge offered a phase 2 clinical trial. This phase 2 drug had no record of success in cholangiocarcinoma or pancreatic cancer. It was a long shot.
Too weak to sign the consent form, Claire held my arm up while Matt guided the pen. Then Matt looked me in the eye and said,
“Steve, you have one job—stay alive for the next 30 days.”
This new drug concept helps our immune system to see and eliminate the cancer, developed by Professors James Allison and Tasuku Honjo, which would later win them a Nobel Prize in 2018.
August 8, 2017 – First Infusion
I made it.
August 11, 2017 – Day 3
The pain disappeared. I could breathe again. Sit. Walk.
October 2017 – A Historic Scan
Nine weeks later, I was completely NED—No Evidence of Disease.
I became the first cholangiocarcinoma patient to reverse stage 4 cancer at such a late stage, and be confirmed in full response.
A New Path, A New Responsibility
That survival wasn’t random. It revealed something.
I had walked the talk and lived the hypotheses of the greatest minds in cancer science—and proved them right. That gave me a new responsibility: to build from it.
I began to develop a patient-led response to cancer—rooted in lived experience, grounded in science, and focused on execution. Not hope alone.
This response culture is designed to empower patients, amplify engagement, and drive survival outcomes forward.
Video: Part One of Two
Symptoms
While cycling I suffered a sudden loss of energy, much like the onset of a bad flu. The next day these following symptoms became obvious:
- Increasing lethargy
- Yellowing eyes
- Itching and yellowing hands
- Pale-clay-colored stools and dark urine
Cancer Diagnosis Details
- GP: Blood test discovered elevated liver enzymes: ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) in my blood
- Ultrasound found suspicious lesions, immediately followed by a CT Scan which revealed lesions blocking the bile flow.
- ERCP Procedure and brushing confirmed cholangiocarcinoma: ‘Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography’
- Diagnosis: Stage 2b Extrahepatic – Distal
Surgeries ( total:25 hours)
Whipple Multi-Organ Removal
- Bile duct 95%
- Cystic Duct & Gallbladder 100% (Cholecystectomy)
- Stomach 80% (Gastrectomy)
- Pancreas 33% (Pancreatectomy)
- Duodenum 100% (Small Intestine )
- 2 local lymph nodes
Surgical Complications
- Substantial Wound Infections: 5 Weeks VacPac Pump
- Emergency Ruptured Aneurysm 1-month post-op: Main Hepatic Artery terminated
Clinical Trials
Attica trial is trialing an adjuvant therapy.
- 6-month Chemo, weekly infusions (12 hr days) not well tolerated
- 2 year follow up
- At 5.5 months, I experienced a prolific metastatic breakout
- Mets Description: Large multiple tumors under my right rib cage, across the top of my liver, and both lungs – (too many to count.) Breathing became labored with every breath, and sitting became increasingly difficult.
- Now – late-stage, Stage 4 Prognosis: weeks to days without further intervention
Keynote 158 (Aug 2017): Monoclonal Immunotherapy
Hail-Mary Pass My Last Chance- 3 weekly infusions
- Response – Day 3
- Cytokine Release Syndrome– CRS Level > 3+: Day 4 to Day 12
- Complete & Full & Response – officiated at 9 Week Scan
- Reference: NED – Remission – Cure
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Endoscopic:
- Endo- means inside or within.
- Scopic refers to viewing or observing.
- Together, Endoscopic means a procedure that involves looking inside the body using an endoscope, a flexible tube with a camera and light.
- Retrograde:
- Retro- means backward.
- Grade refers to a step or degree in a process.
- Retrograde in this context means going in the opposite direction of normal flow, particularly referring to the method of injecting a dye backwards into the bile and pancreatic ducts through their drainage openings.
- Cholangiopancreatography:
- Cholangio- relates to the bile ducts.
- Pancreato- pertains to the pancreas.
- -graphy denotes the process of recording or imaging.
- Cholangiopancreatography refers to the imaging of the bile ducts and pancreatic ducts.
Overall, Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography is a procedure using an endoscope to view and inject dye in a backward direction into the pancreatic and bile ducts for diagnostic and therapeutic imaging purposes.
Stage 2B Extrahepatic Distal
Stage 2B Cholangiocarcinoma:
- This stage indicates a more advanced local spread of the cancer compared to earlier stages but without distant metastasis. This means the cancer may have grown into nearby structures or through the layers of the bile duct wall but has not spread to distant organs or involved distant lymph nodes.
Distal Cholangiocarcinoma:
- Refers to cancer located in the bile duct closer to the pancreas and small intestine. The term “distal” specifies this location, not necessarily the extent of invasion into other organs or structures.
For Stage 2B Distal Cholangiocarcinoma:
- The classification might indicate the cancer has invaded deeper into the bile duct wall and possibly into adjacent tissues but does not involve major blood vessels or distant structures. The specifics of what is involved would be detailed based on imaging and clinical findings specific to each case.
Whipple Surgery
This extensive multi-organ surgery involves the removal of major portions of several digestive organs to treat cholangiocarcinoma. Known as one of the most comprehensive operations performed in surgical oncology, it is aimed at excising the tumor and nearby affected structures to provide the best chance for a curative outcome. The procedure includes significant reconstruction of the digestive tract to maintain as much normal function as possible, addressing the complexity and challenges associated with such a substantial surgical intervention.
After undergoing a complex surgery like the Whipple procedure, patients may indeed be prescribed medications for long-term use. The specific drugs and their duration depend on several factors, including the extent of the surgery, the remaining organ function, and any underlying conditions. Here are a few common scenarios:
Post Surgery and beyond
- Enzyme Replacement: If a significant portion of the pancreas is removed, patients might need pancreatic enzyme supplements to help with digestion. These drugs help break down food and absorb nutrients, compensating for the reduced function of the pancreas.
- Diabetes Management: If the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are affected, patients might develop diabetes or have existing diabetes worsened, requiring lifelong diabetes management, including insulin or other glucose-regulating medications.
- Digestive Acid Control: After substantial removal of the stomach and alterations to the digestive tract, medications to reduce stomach acid (like proton pump inhibitors) might be necessary to prevent ulcers and manage gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
- Vitamin and Mineral Supplements: Since the surgery can affect the body’s ability to absorb nutrients, particularly if a significant part of the stomach and small intestine is removed, supplements such as vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and others may be necessary.
- Cancer Surveillance and Prevention: Depending on the specifics of the cancer treatment, patients might also be on medications to help prevent recurrence of cancer, manage symptoms, or treat specific conditions related to their cancer or other health issues.
The need for lifelong medication and the types of medication required can vary greatly from patient to patient, depending on the specifics of their surgery and how it affects their body’s functioning. Regular consultations with healthcare providers are essential to effectively manage these needs over time.
Vac Pac Pump
The “V.A.C.® Therapy System,” commonly known as a wound VAC (Vacuum-Assisted Closure). This system is used for promoting healing in acute or chronic wounds, typically used in situations where large wounds are present, such as after major surgery.
Function of the V.A.C. Therapy System:
- Negative Pressure: The V.A.C. System applies controlled negative pressure (a vacuum) to the wound surface. This helps reduce swelling and draw the edges of the wound together.
- Fluid Removal: The vacuum also helps remove fluids and infectious materials from the wound, which facilitates a cleaner healing environment.
- Promotes Blood Flow: By drawing the edges of the wound inward and removing excess fluids, the negative pressure also helps increase blood flow to the wound. Enhanced blood flow brings more oxygen and nutrients, which are vital for tissue repair.
- Granulation Tissue Formation: The system encourages the formation of granulation tissue, which is new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process.
This system is particularly useful in complex or non-healing wounds, such as those resulting from major surgeries like a Whipple procedure, where traditional wound healing might be impaired or slow. It can be a crucial part of postoperative care, aiding significantly in reducing recovery time and improving outcomes for difficult-to-heal wounds.
Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Here’s an overview of what this procedure generally entails:
Definition and Purpose
- Extrahepatic Bile Ducts: These are the parts of the bile duct system that lie outside of the liver. They include the common hepatic duct, the common bile duct, and the cystic duct.
- Resection Purpose: The goal is to remove the diseased or cancerous segment of the bile duct to prevent the spread of disease, alleviate symptoms, or remove blockages.
Surgical Procedure
- Accessing the Bile Duct: The surgeon makes an incision to expose the liver and the extrahepatic bile ducts.
- Identifying and Isolating the Bile Duct: Careful dissection is carried out to identify the bile ducts and delineate the extent of the disease.
- Resection: The diseased section of the bile duct, which in this case is up to 95% of the extrahepatic component, is surgically removed. This includes cutting the bile duct above and below the affected area.
- Reconstruction: To ensure the continuity of the bile drainage from the liver to the intestine, the surgeon reconstructs the bile duct. This typically involves attaching the remaining portion of the hepatic duct directly to the small intestine in a procedure called a hepaticojejunostomy, where a loop of the jejunum (part of the small intestine) is used to create a new pathway for bile flow.
- Ensuring Patency: The new connection is tested for leaks and blockages to ensure that bile can flow freely from the liver to the intestine.
Postoperative Care and Considerations
- Monitoring for Complications: Common risks include infections, leakage of bile, narrowing at the site of the new junction, and liver dysfunction.
- Recovery: Patients may need an extended hospital stay and close monitoring for any signs of complications. Recovery also involves managing pain and preventing infections.
- Long-term Follow-up: Regular follow-ups are necessary to monitor liver function, detect any recurrence of the disease, and manage any long-term effects of the surgery.
This type of surgery is complex and requires a high degree of skill from the surgical team, as it involves critical structures and carries significant risks. The decision to perform such a resection depends on various factors, including the type and extent of the disease, the patient’s overall health, and the anticipated benefit from the surgery.
Cystic Duct & Gallbladder
The cystic duct and the gallbladder play key roles in the storage and management of bile, which is critical for digestion. Here’s a detailed look at both structures:
Gallbladder
The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver on the right side of the abdomen. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver.
Functions of the Gallbladder:
- Bile Storage: The liver continuously produces bile, which flows into the gallbladder where it is stored until needed for digestion.
- Concentration of Bile: While in the gallbladder, bile becomes more concentrated, which increases its effectiveness in breaking down fats in the diet.
- Release of Bile: When fatty foods enter the small intestine, a hormone called cholecystokinin is released, signaling the gallbladder to contract and release bile through the cystic duct into the common bile duct, and then into the small intestine to aid digestion.
Cystic Duct
The cystic duct is a small tube-like structure that connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct. It serves as the pathway for bile to travel when the gallbladder contracts.
Function of the Cystic Duct:
- Transport of Bile: The cystic duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder. When the gallbladder contracts in response to dietary fat entering the small intestine, bile is expelled from the gallbladder, travels through the cystic duct, and enters the common bile duct.
Relationship Between the Cystic Duct and Gallbladder
The cystic duct and gallbladder are integral components of the biliary system. They work together to store, concentrate, and deliver bile to the small intestine. The precise control of bile flow is essential for effective digestion and prevention of bile-related disorders.
Common Issues
Both the gallbladder and cystic duct can be sites of medical issues, such as:
- Gallstones: Solid particles that form from bile cholesterol and bilirubin in the gallbladder. Gallstones can block the cystic duct, leading to pain and infection known as cholecystitis.
- Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones blocking the cystic duct, which can cause severe pain and infection.
- Biliary Colic: Pain occurs when gallstones temporarily block the bile flow; typically, the blockage is in the cystic duct.
Treatment for problems in these areas may involve medication to dissolve gallstones or surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) if gallstones or other gallbladder diseases become recurrent or severe.
Duodenum
The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine and plays a crucial role in the digestive process. It connects the stomach to the jejunum, which is the next part of the small intestine. Here’s a detailed look at the duodenum’s structure, function, and importance in digestion:
Structure
The duodenum is a C-shaped tube, approximately 10 to 12 inches long in adults. It wraps around the head of the pancreas and is located just below the stomach. This positioning allows for the efficient mixing of gastric contents, bile, and pancreatic enzymes.
Function
The duodenum has several key functions in digestion:
- Receiving Chyme: The duodenum receives partially digested food (known as chyme) from the stomach. It also deals with the acidic nature of chyme by neutralizing it, primarily through the action of bicarbonate in pancreatic juices and bile.
- Digestive Enzymes and Bile: It is the primary site where bile (which emulsifies fats) and pancreatic enzymes (which further break down proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are mixed with the chyme to facilitate digestion.
- Absorption: While most nutrient absorption occurs later in the small intestine, the duodenum absorbs some minerals (like iron) and vitamins (such as certain B vitamins), and initiates the process for other nutrients.
- Hormonal Signaling: The duodenum releases several important hormones that help regulate stomach acidity, pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction, and overall gut motility. These hormones include secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK).
Common Issues
The duodenum is susceptible to several disorders, including:
- Duodenal Ulcers: These are sores that develop on the inner lining of the duodenum, often caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or from prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
- Duodenitis: Inflammation of the duodenum, which can cause abdominal pain and digestive upset. This may be related to the same causes as ulcers.
- Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine, primarily affecting the duodenum.
- Blockages or Stenosis: These can occur due to tumors, congenital defects, or inflammation leading to narrowing of the duodenum.
Treatment
Treatment of duodenal conditions depends on the specific diagnosis but might include medications to reduce stomach acid, antibiotics to treat infections, dietary adjustments, and in severe cases, surgery.
Understanding the function and common issues associated with the duodenum is essential for diagnosing and managing various gastrointestinal disorders effectively.
About Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are part of the lymphatic system, which is a component of the immune system. They play a crucial role in the body’s defense mechanism against infections and diseases. Here’s a brief overview of their function and importance:
Location
Lymph nodes are located throughout the body, including the neck, armpits, chest, abdomen, and groin. These nodes are connected by the lymphatic vessels, which transport lymph fluid. The phrase “local lymph nodes” typically refers to two lymph nodes that are located near the primary site – see more below.
Function
- Filtration: Lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, which is composed of protein, water, fats, and lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell). As lymph fluid passes through the nodes, harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells are trapped and destroyed by the lymphocytes and macrophages (another type of immune cell) present in the lymph nodes.
- Immune Response Activation: When foreign particles, such as pathogens or cancer cells, are detected in the lymph fluid, lymph nodes stimulate and increase the production of immune cells like lymphocytes. This activation helps the body to fight infections and other diseases more effectively.
- Storage of Immune Cells: Lymph nodes also act as storage houses for white blood cells, which can quickly respond to infection or inflammation detected anywhere in the body.
Clinical Significance
- Infection and Inflammation: Lymph nodes can become swollen and tender when they are actively fighting infections, which is commonly referred to as lymphadenopathy.
- Cancer: The presence of cancer cells in lymph nodes often indicates that a malignancy has spread beyond its original site. Assessing lymph nodes is a critical part of cancer staging and management because it helps determine the extent of cancer spread and influences treatment decisions.
Lymph nodes are vital indicators in many medical diagnoses and are frequently assessed in various conditions, from infections to cancers, to understand and manage health issues effectively.
Importance of Local Lymph Nodes
- Proximity to the Primary Site: “Local” lymph nodes are those closest to the location of the tumor or area of infection. Their proximity makes them the first potential site for metastasis (spread of cancer) or infection spread.
- Predictive Value for Spread: The status of local lymph nodes is a critical factor in determining the extent to which a cancer has spread. If cancer cells are found in these nodes, it suggests that the cancer is more likely to have metastasized beyond the original tumor site, which can influence staging and prognosis.
- Guide Treatment Decisions: The involvement of local lymph nodes often guides the choice and intensity of treatment. For instance, if cancer is found in local lymph nodes, more aggressive treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation, or further surgical intervention might be recommended to manage the disease.
- Surgical Planning: In many cancer surgeries, the removal and examination of local lymph nodes (sentinel lymph node biopsy or lymphadenectomy) are essential components of the procedure. This helps to ensure that all potentially affected tissue is addressed.
- Staging of Cancer: In cancer staging, the involvement of local lymph nodes (often denoted as ‘N’ in the TNM staging system) is a key component. For example, N0 indicates no lymph node involvement, while N1 or higher denotes increasing involvement of lymph nodes.
- Assessment of Surgical Margins: The evaluation of local lymph nodes can also help in assessing the effectiveness of the surgery. If no cancer is found in these nodes, it might suggest that the surgery successfully removed all the cancerous tissue.
The designation “local” thus highlights a focused area of concern and management, indicating that the nodes are directly relevant to the primary disease site and are critical for accurate diagnosis, staging, and treatment planning.
Emergency hepatic artery aneurysm rupture
An emergency hepatic artery aneurysm rupture is a critical and life-threatening condition where an abnormal bulge in the wall of the hepatic artery bursts, leading to rapid internal bleeding. This type of aneurysm can develop due to the weakening of the artery wall, which might be exacerbated by surgical procedures such as a Whipple surgery. Complications from surgery can include trauma to the vascular system or changes in blood flow dynamics, potentially precipitating an aneurysm formation and subsequent rupture.
Emergency Scenario
In cases where the aneurysm ruptures, it constitutes a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention to prevent fatal outcomes. Symptoms of a rupture include sudden and severe abdominal pain, signs of shock like low blood pressure and rapid heart rate, and rapid internal bleeding.
Interventional Radiology in Emergency Management
In such emergencies, especially with only minutes to spare, interventional radiology can be lifesaving. An interventional radiologist may perform an urgent procedure involving:
- Endovascular Repair: This technique involves threading a catheter through the vascular system to the site of the aneurysm. A stent-graft is then deployed to seal off the aneurysm from blood flow, effectively preventing further bleeding and stabilizing the patient’s condition.
- Angiography: Used both diagnostically and therapeutically, angiography helps to pinpoint the location of the rupture and guide the placement of the stent-graft.
Importance of Swift Action
The rapid response in such cases is crucial. The swift intervention by interventional radiology not only helps in controlling the bleeding but also significantly increases the chances of survival and recovery.
This emergency condition underscores the importance of immediate medical attention and the critical role of advanced interventional radiology techniques in managing severe complications following major abdominal surgeries like the Whipple procedure.
Attica Adjuvant Clinical Trial
ACTICCA-1 Clinical Trial Overview
Adjuvant: “Adjuvant therapy is used after the primary treatments like surgery to decrease the risk of the cancer returning. This therapy is not used by itself but as a supplement to help ensure that any remaining cancer cells, which may not be detectable, are killed.”
Title: ACTICCA-1: Adjuvant Chemotherapy with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Compared to Standard of Care after Curative Intent Resection of Cholangiocarcinoma and Muscle Invasive Gall Bladder Carcinoma
Sponsor: The trial is sponsored by the German Biliary Cancer Group collaborating with various national and international study groups.
Objective
The primary objective of the ACTICCA-1 trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of adjuvant chemotherapy using the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients who have undergone curative-intent resection of cholangiocarcinoma or muscle invasive gall bladder carcinoma. The study compares this chemotherapy regimen to the current standard of care to determine if it can improve outcomes such as recurrence-free survival.
Design
- Type: This is a phase III, randomized, controlled trial.
- Participants: The trial targets patients who have recently undergone surgery with a curative intent for cholangiocarcinoma or muscle invasive gall bladder carcinoma.
- Intervention: Participants are randomized into two groups:
- The experimental group receives a combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin.
- The control group receives the current standard of care, which may vary but often involves surveillance or differing chemotherapy regimens depending on the region and specific medical guidelines.
Endpoints
- Primary Endpoint: The primary endpoint of the trial is recurrence-free survival, meaning the length of time after primary treatment for cancer ends that the patient survives without any signs or symptoms of that cancer returning.
- Secondary Endpoints: These may include overall survival, quality of life, safety and tolerability of the chemotherapy regimen, and other cancer-specific metrics.
Importance
This trial is significant as both cholangiocarcinoma and gall bladder carcinoma are aggressive cancers with high rates of recurrence after surgery. Providing effective adjuvant therapy could potentially reduce the recurrence rate and improve overall survival, offering substantial benefits to patients affected by these challenging conditions.
Enrollment
Patients eligible for the trial are those who have had surgery but are considered at high risk for recurrence based on factors like the nature and stage of the tumor, and who have not received prior chemotherapy for this condition.
Conclusion
The ACTICCA-1 trial is crucial for determining whether the addition of gemcitabine and cisplatin to the care regimen after surgery can become a new standard of care that potentially extends life and reduces the recurrence in patients with these types of cancer.
For more specific details such as enrollment criteria, study locations, and current status, interested individuals or healthcare professionals should refer to the trial registration or contact the trial coordinators directly through the provided link or associated clinical trial registries.
Metastatic - Metastasis
The term “metastatic” refers to the process by which cancer cells spread from the primary site where they first formed to other parts of the body. When cancer cells metastasize, they travel through the body using the lymph system or the bloodstream to form new tumors (metastases) in other organs. This process is critical in the staging of cancer, as metastatic cancer often signifies a more advanced and potentially less treatable stage of the disease.
How Metastasis Occurs:
Local Invasion: Cancer cells invade nearby normal tissue.
Intravasation: Cancer cells invade and move through the walls of nearby lymph vessels or blood vessels.
Circulation: Cancer cells move through the lymphatic system and the bloodstream to other parts of the body.
Extravasation: Cancer cells exit the vessels into the tissues.
Proliferation: Cancer cells multiply at the distant site to form small tumors known as micrometastases.
Angiogenesis: These micrometastases establish a blood supply, which allows them to continue growing and eventually form new tumors that can affect the function of involved organs.
Common Sites for Metastasis:
Different cancers tend to metastasize to particular sites, but common locations include:
Bone: Breast, prostate, kidney, thyroid, and lung cancers are known to frequently metastasize to bone.
Liver: Common for cancers of the colon, pancreas, stomach, and breast.
Lungs: Frequently seen with cancers of the breast, colon, prostate, and bladder.
Brain: Lung, breast, melanoma, and colon cancers are among those that can metastasize to the brain.
Diagnosis of Metastatic Cancer:
Metastatic cancer is often detected through a variety of diagnostic tests, which may include:
Imaging Tests: CT scans, MRI, PET scans, and X-rays can all reveal the presence of metastases.
Biopsies: A biopsy of a suspected metastatic lesion can confirm the presence of cancer cells and help identify the primary cancer source, especially if it wasn’t known prior.
Treatment:
Treatment for metastatic cancer aims to control or slow the growth of the cancer and to alleviate symptoms associated with it. Options may include:
Systemic Therapies: Chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy that can reach cancer cells throughout the body.
Local Therapies: Surgery or radiation therapy aimed at specific metastatic tumors to reduce their size or alleviate pain.
Prognosis:
The prognosis for metastatic cancer varies widely depending on the cancer type, the extent of the spread, available treatment options, and the patient’s overall health. Generally, metastatic cancer is considered serious and carrying a poorer prognosis compared to cancer that is localized to the primary site.
Understanding metastasis is crucial for developing effective cancer treatment strategies and for clinical decision-making in oncology.
Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS)
Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) is a serious and potentially life-threatening medical condition that can occur after the administration of certain immunotherapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR T) therapy. CRS is characterized by a rapid and massive release of cytokines into the blood from immune cells affected by the treatment. Cytokines are small proteins that are crucial in normal immune responses, but their excessive release can lead to severe inflammatory responses throughout the body.
Severity Levels of CRS
CRS is typically graded on a scale from 1 to 4, with higher numbers indicating more severe symptoms:
- Grade 1: Mild symptoms such as fever, nausea, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue.
- Grade 2: Moderate symptoms require symptomatic treatment; may include higher fever, hypoxia (low oxygen levels), and mild hypotension (low blood pressure).
- Grade 3: Severe symptoms which are life-threatening but reversible, including high fevers, significant hypotension, hypoxia, and organ dysfunction.
- Grade 4: Life-threatening symptoms that require intensive care, with rapid deterioration in patient’s health leading to potential multiple organ failure.
CRS Level > 3+
When CRS reaches level 3 or higher, it becomes a critical condition that requires immediate and aggressive management. Symptoms of Grade 3 or higher CRS can include:
- High fever: Persistent high-grade fever that does not respond well to standard antipyretic (fever-reducing) treatments.
- Cardiovascular symptoms: Severe hypotension requiring the use of vasopressors to maintain blood pressure, arrhythmias, or other severe cardiac complications.
- Respiratory symptoms: Hypoxia requiring supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation to support breathing.
- Renal and hepatic dysfunction: Acute kidney injury or liver enzyme elevations indicating organ stress or damage.
- Neurological manifestations: Confusion, irritability, seizures, or coma.
Management of Severe CRS
The management of severe CRS typically involves:
- High-dose corticosteroids: These are administered to quickly suppress the immune response and cytokine production.
- IL-6 inhibitors: Drugs like tocilizumab, which specifically target and block the activity of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine heavily involved in CRS.
- Intensive supportive care: Fluids, electrolytes, oxygen therapy, and vasopressors may be necessary, along with close monitoring and support of vital organ functions in an intensive care unit (ICU) setting.
- Monitoring and adjustments: Continuous monitoring of vital signs, organ functions, and blood levels of cytokines and other markers of inflammation.
Prompt recognition and treatment of CRS, especially at higher severity levels, are vital to prevent irreversible organ damage and potential fatalities. The management of severe CRS is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach, often involving hematologists, intensivists, and other specialists to ensure comprehensive care.
About Infusions
The infusion part of immunotherapy is a critical step where the immunotherapeutic agents are administered directly into the patient’s bloodstream through intravenous (IV) delivery. Here’s a detailed look at the infusion process:
Preparation
Before the infusion begins, healthcare providers prepare the medication according to the specific instructions, which may involve diluting a concentrated solution. All materials, including the IV bag, tubing, and other necessary medical supplies, are checked for sterility and proper functioning.
Insertion of IV Line
An IV line is typically inserted into a vein, usually in the arm or hand, by a trained nurse or healthcare professional. The insertion site is first cleaned with an antiseptic to minimize infection risk, and a needle is used to access the vein. Once venous access is established, the needle is removed, leaving a small, flexible tube (catheter) through which medications can be administered.
Administration of the Immunotherapy
Once the IV line is in place, the bag containing the immunotherapy drug is connected to the IV line using sterile tubing. The medication is then infused into the bloodstream over a predetermined period, which can vary from about 30 minutes to several hours, depending on the specific immunotherapy drug and the treatment protocol.
Monitoring During Infusion
During the infusion, healthcare providers closely monitor the patient for any signs of adverse reactions. Common signs include fever, chills, rash, nausea, or more severe reactions like breathing difficulties or changes in blood pressure. Vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels are regularly checked.
Post-Infusion Care
After the infusion is complete, the IV line is typically flushed with a saline solution to ensure that the entire dose of medication has been administered and to keep the line clear. The IV catheter is then removed, and the insertion site is bandaged.
Observation Period
Patients are often observed for a period following the infusion to manage any delayed adverse effects. This observation period can vary, but it is crucial to ensure patient safety and address any immediate issues before the patient leaves the healthcare facility.
Follow-Up
Patients will usually have scheduled follow-ups with their healthcare provider to assess the effectiveness of the therapy and monitor for any long-term side effects. The timing and frequency of these follow-ups depend on the specific treatment regimen and the patient’s response to the therapy.
This infusion process is a key component of delivering immunotherapy, requiring careful preparation and monitoring to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the treatment.
KEYNOTE-158: Pembrolizumab in Cholangiocarcinoma
Trial Overview:
- The phase II KEYNOTE-158 trial evaluated the efficacy of pembrolizumab, an anti-PD-1 therapy, in patients with various noncolorectal high microsatellite instability (MSI-H)/mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) solid tumors.
- The study included patients with cholangiocarcinoma among other tumor types.
Cholangiocarcinoma Cohort Findings:
- Patient Group: The cholangiocarcinoma cohort consisted of 22 patients.
- Response Rate: Pembrolizumab elicited responses in 40.9% of the cholangiocarcinoma patients (9 out of 22), including a complete response in 2 patients.
- Duration of Response: The median duration of response was not reached, with response lengths ranging from 4.1+ to 24.9+ months.
- Progression-Free Survival (PFS): The median PFS for this cohort was 24.3 months.
- Overall Survival (OS): The median OS was not reached, suggesting extended survival; the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval was 6.5 months.
General Safety Profile:
- Pembrolizumab was associated with expected side effects, consistent with its known safety profile. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 64.8% of the patients across all cohorts, with grade 3 or higher events in 14.6%.
- The most common adverse effects included fatigue, pruritus, diarrhea, and asthenia.
- Specific to cholangiocarcinoma, the safety data was not detailed separately but is assumed to align with the broader trial results.
Study Implications:
- These results support the use of pembrolizumab in treating patients with previously treated, unresectable, or metastatic MSI-H/dMMR cholangiocarcinoma, highlighting substantial durable responses and prolonged survival benefits in a significant subset of patients.
- The findings contributed to the FDA’s accelerated approval of pembrolizumab for MSI-H/dMMR cancers based on the demonstrated efficacy across multiple noncolorectal cancer types, including cholangiocarcinoma.
Conclusions Drawn by Investigators:
- Pembrolizumab shows meaningful clinical benefit in previously treated MSI-H/dMMR cholangiocarcinoma, underscoring the potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors in this difficult-to-treat cancer.
- The overall toxicity was manageable and consistent with the established safety profile of pembrolizumab monotherapy.
This summary encapsulates the specific findings and implications of the KEYNOTE-158 trial’s cholangiocarcinoma cohort, emphasizing the promising results of pembrolizumab in treating this challenging cancer type.
The first complete response in a cholangiocarcinoma patient treated with pembrolizumab in the KEYNOTE-028 trial was reported in the literature in 2016.
About Hail Mary Pass
In general usage, a “Hail Mary” refers to a last-ditch, desperate effort with little chance of success but is used because no better options are available. The term originates from American football but has broad applications in other fields, including personal endeavors and business strategies.
Origin in American Football
In American football, a “Hail Mary” pass is a long forward pass, typically made in desperation, with only a small chance of success, particularly at the end of a half or the game. The term became popularized after a December 28, 1975, NFL playoff game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings. With seconds left on the clock and the Cowboys trailing, quarterback Roger Staubach threw a 50-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Drew Pearson to win the game. Staubach, a devout Catholic, said in a post-game interview that he closed his eyes and said a “Hail Mary” before throwing the pass.
Broader Significance
Metaphorical Use: Beyond sports, the term “Hail Mary” is used metaphorically to describe any last-minute attempt to achieve a goal when the probability of success is extremely low. It implies a hopeful reliance on divine intervention or luck due to the desperate circumstances.
Business and Strategy: In business contexts, a “Hail Mary” strategy might be employed in a dire situation where a company faces potential failure or a significant setback, and a bold, risky move is seen as the only option to turn things around.
Personal and Professional Challenges: People may refer to a “Hail Mary” in personal or professional situations when they undertake an effort that is unlikely to succeed but worth trying as a final effort, often after all conventional options have failed.
Cultural Impact
The concept of a “Hail Mary” resonates widely due to its dramatic nature and the human element of hope against odds. Stories involving “Hail Mary” efforts are often compelling and inspirational, highlighting human perseverance, creativity, and sometimes miraculous success. These stories can be motivational, reminding people that success is sometimes possible even in the most unlikely scenarios.
In summary, a “Hail Mary” is significant because it embodies the human spirit’s relentless pursuit of success against formidable odds, often becoming a memorable narrative of unexpected victory or valiant effort in the face of likely defeat.
Complete and Full Response
The terms “complete,” “full,” and “response” have specific connotations in various contexts, particularly in medicine and general usage. Here’s how these terms are typically understood:
Medical Context: Cancer Treatment
Complete Response: In the context of cancer treatment, a “complete response” means that all signs of cancer have disappeared following treatment. This term is often used in clinical trials and oncology practice to describe the effectiveness of a treatment regimen, where no detectable signs of cancer are observed in the patient’s body according to the tests used for monitoring.
Full Response: This term is less commonly used in formal medical literature but can be synonymous with “complete response,” implying total disappearance of disease symptoms or markers.
Response: In general, a “response” to treatment in medical terms refers to a partial or complete reduction of cancer signs and symptoms as a result of therapy. This can be quantified as:
- Complete Response (CR): No detectable evidence of disease.
- Partial Response (PR): A significant reduction in the size or extent of the cancer, but not completely gone.
- Stable Disease (SD): Cancer has not significantly decreased in size but has not grown or spread.
- Progressive Disease (PD): Cancer has grown or spread despite treatment.
What is NED, Remission, Cure
NED: No Evidence of Disease
- Definition: “No Evidence of Disease” (NED) is a term often used to indicate that imaging, blood tests, and physical exams show no signs of cancer after treatment.
- Context: NED is used interchangeably with “complete response,” meaning all signs of cancer have disappeared following treatment. However, NED does not necessarily imply that the cancer will never recur.
Remission
- Definition: Remission refers to the reduction or disappearance of signs of cancer. Remission can be partial or complete.
- Partial Remission: This means the cancer has shrunk but is not completely gone. It is used when the cancer responds to treatment but remnants still persist that can be detected.
- Complete Remission: This is similar to NED, where all signs of cancer have disappeared. However, as with NED, there might still be microscopic disease present.
- Context: Remission is used to describe the situation during and following treatment when the signs and symptoms of cancer reduce significantly or disappear. It does not necessarily mean the disease is cured, as there can still be potential for recurrence.
Cure
- Definition: A cure means that there are no traces of cancer left in the body and the cancer will not come back.
- Context: The term “cure” is used cautiously in oncology, as it implies a permanency that can only be confirmed after extended periods without cancer recurrence. Generally, if a cancer has not returned for five years or more, it may be considered cured, depending on the type of cancer and other factors.
- Cure vs. Remission: Cure is definitive and suggests permanence, whereas remission indicates a current absence of active disease but with the possibility of recurrence.
Conclusion
Understanding these terms helps in grasping the nuances of cancer treatment outcomes and in setting realistic expectations for patients and their families regarding the disease’s progression and management. Each term signifies a different stage or outcome in the treatment journey, important for communication between healthcare providers and patients.
Biomakers
Biomarkers
“Biomarkers are biological molecules or proteins located in blood, other body fluids, or on cell surfaces in tissues. They indicate normal or abnormal activities, signaling the presence of conditions or diseases. In oncology, specific biomarkers are associated with certain cancers. Scientists utilize these markers to detect cancer cells, monitor disease progression, assess treatment effectiveness, and evaluate the prognosis.
PD-L1
PD-L1 is a protein expressed on the surface of healthy cells, serving as a ‘good citizen pass’ to communicate with the immune system’s border patrol, the T-cells, via a scanner called PD-1. This interaction ensures that healthy cells are not mistakenly destroyed, helping to prevent autoimmune reactions. However, some cancerous tumors can overexpress PD-L1, exploiting this mechanism to evade destruction and continue to grow and spread. Therapeutic strategies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), target this interaction by blocking PD-L1 or PD-1. This prevents the T-cells from being deactivated, enhancing their ability to attack and destroy the tumor.
MSI-High
MSI-High (Microsatellite Instability-High) refers to a condition in certain cancers characterized by a high level of instability in microsatellites, which are short, repeated sequences of DNA. This instability results from deficiencies in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system, a critical mechanism that normally corrects errors occurring during DNA replication. When this system fails, it leads to genetic hypermutability, meaning the cancer cells accumulate numerous mutations. These mutations can result in the production of novel proteins, or antigens, on the surface of cancer cells, making them more recognizable to the immune system. Due to this high mutational burden, tumors with MSI-High status are more likely to respond to immunotherapies, particularly those targeting immune checkpoints.
dMMR (Mismatch Repair Deficiency)
dMMR signifies a deficiency in the cancer’s DNA mismatch repair system, which is responsible for correcting errors that occur during the replication of DNA. This system functions like a precision team of proofreaders, ensuring the genetic code is copied accurately. The four key proteins involved in this process—MSH2, MSH6, MLH1, and PMS2—each play specific roles in detecting and repairing mismatches in the DNA. Deficiencies in any of these proteins can lead to microsatellite instability, resulting in cancers accumulating a high number of mutations, making them more noticeable and thus more responsive to immunotherapy. The high mutational load in dMMR cancers creates numerous abnormal proteins on the surface of cancer cells, marking them as targets for the immune system.
TMB-High (Tumor Mutational Burden-High)
As a result of dMMR and the associated microsatellite instability, cancers can accumulate a significant number of genetic alterations. This accumulation directly relates to what is known as TMB-High, or high tumor mutational burden. TMB-High is defined as having a large number of mutations within the tumor’s genome, quantified specifically by the number of mutations per megabase of DNA. This high density of mutations increases the probability that cancer cells will produce abnormal proteins that act as antigens, making these cells more recognizable to the immune system. In the context of cancer treatment, TMB-High is particularly important because it enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. These therapies, which block proteins like PD-1 or PD-L1 that cancer cells use to protect themselves from immune attacks, are more effective when there are more abnormal antigens for the immune system to target. Therefore, tumors with TMB-High status often respond better to these therapies, as the immune system has more targets to recognize and attack, leading to a more robust anti-cancer response.
I’m a rare survivor of late-stage cholangiocarcinoma — an aggressive liver cancer of the bile ducts.
80 to 85% of diagnoses are non-resectable. For the 20% who qualify 85% recur.
This is a cancer without a robust survival model.
Five-year survival rate: 5 – 10%. (Pancreatic 12%)
If stage 4 metastatic, 2%. Most cases progress to metastatic
This wasn’t near-death. I went over the edge — and had to claw my way back.
Statistically, I shouldn’t be here.
— 25 hours of life-threatening surgeries, removing multiple organs
— A burst aneurysm — minutes, if not seconds, from death
— Two experimental clinical trials — one, a last-minute Hail Mary with just weeks — if not days — to live
I’ve walked alongside — and negotiated with — the deadliest of all cancer beasts: cholangiocarcinoma.
I forged a path between the improbable and the impossible — shaped by the breakthroughs of 2018 Nobel Laureates James Allison and Tasuku Honjo —
to achieve what may be the fastest complete response ever recorded from such a late-stage setting.
Please forgive my rookie video and presenter skills — it’s real and raw, but I guess that’s the point.
When I was told I would die—that was their reality, not mine. I still had a choice. And with that choice came hope—along with possibilities only someone in my position could see.
If I had accepted the prognosis and given up, then yes—I would have died within a few short months. The statistics would have been right. But I didn’t.
I chose differently. I chose hope—not the vague kind, but the kind born of urgent need and a refusal to surrender. That hope revealed a path—one no one else could see.
It didn’t just lead to survival. It gave me back my life—clearer, fuller, and more meaningful than I’d ever understood before.
People often say to me, “Steve, you’re so passionate. How do you do this?”
My answer is always the same:
You’re mistaking perseverance for passion.
And it’s not how I do this—it’s why I must.
Passion is a luxury — born of time and choice.
Two things cholangio patients rarely have.
And passion fades.
Perseverance doesn’t.
It’s born of necessity — and endures because it has to.
There’s a quote I returned to often. It kept me from falling through the floor—and dying where I lay:
“Because a thing seems difficult, do not think it impossible.”
— Marcus Aurelius
And in time, I made it my own:
“There is always a way—if we remain open to such thinking.”
— Steve Holmes
Reclaiming the Ride: Cycling 14,000 km’s
Having reclaimed my cycling, I knew I carried both a responsibility and a challenge.
My oncologist, Matt — ever confident, and a pretty handy cyclist himself — once said to me:
“Don’t worry Steve, I’ll get you back on the bike.”
Lofty words, considering no one else had beaten Cholangio the Beast from such a late-stage position.
But he believed it.
And because he believed it, so did I.
Cycling seemed to feature a lot in my battle to beat cholangio.
Maybe it was just an interesting distraction.
Maybe it was a symbol of the fight.
But this wasn’t the first time cycling had shaped a major decision.
Transforming Hope To Reality
Hope is real. It is the vision and plan born of our need — a map toward where we must go. Legacy is what we did with that hope, what we left behind — for those who follow.
I rode for those who could not. For those who follow. To raise funds for the Patient Navigator Journals—a life-defining response strategy every patient should receive the moment they’re diagnosed.
Lynette’s Passionate Plea Fuels Perseverance
“I cannot speak highly enough of the Patient Navigator Journal. I owe so much to the Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation Australia. The information and support I received were life-changing. When I experienced a recurrence, I knew exactly what steps to take because of the tools and knowledge Steve provided. Please support Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation Australia’s patient initiatives—I certainly do!”
— Lynette Williams, Patient Survivor
Thoughts Are Things – Real Things
If survival is our thought, that is our path.
Then our thinking are the stepping stones along it.
If not, all we see is the obstacle of cancer — not the opportunity it conceals.
That is the truth of any challenge.
— Steve Holmes
I have learned:
Regular people bring commonsense and clarity to the complexities of cancer.
Give them the right tools, the right pathway, and the opportunity —
and they don’t just survive — they redefine what’s possible.
That’s what’s been missing.
That’s the backbone of How We Win.*
— Steve Holmes
Need. Hope. Will.
When every known way is an impasse, Need triggers Hope.
Need unleashes our unbreakable inner will — it refuses to lie down.
Hope, our tireless mapmaker, charts the path from improbable to possible.
Perseverance fuels the journey.
Will drives it home.
I Have Cancer, I Am Going to Die
As Shakespeare wrote, “Nothing is either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.”
“I have cancer” is a fact.
“You are going to die” — that’s an opinion, not a fact.
That clarity creates control.
Control builds response.
Response builds survival.
~ Steve Holmes
I hope some of these will help you in your battle.
Remember this:
We gather strength as we go —
with each step, not in spite of cancer,
but because of it.
What My Survival Taught Me — and What Now Drives Everything I Build
My Three Core Principles
1. Simplicity reveals truth.
Complexity camouflages failure. Strip it away — failure is exposed. The solution is revealed.
That clarity attracts.
2. The future is not built on today’s facts.
It is built on today’s vision, invention, and the relentless urgency to deliver — now.
3. End-to-end control.
Excellence owns the whole system.
Remarkable is giving life to what is on your mind.
Concept, vision, failures, triumphs — and reality — all aligned.
My Guardrails
Law 1 — Delay is death.
Between conception and creation falls the shadow. Every delay feeds death.
Law 2 — Dogma constrains potential.
We are beaten by what we think we know — we win by breaking through it.
My Execution Truths
Rule 1 — Awareness is theatre.
Survival is the execution of what works — now.
Advocacy of what works is useful. If not, it is in the way.
Rule 2 — Future cancer success.
It lies in prevention, the innovation of lived expertise, patient empowerment, expanding surgical options — and narrowing the gap between them.
The Foundation’s Core Principles
were born of these.
What I Understand
Cancer is a function of biology.
Lifestyle shapes biology.
That clarity shines a light on what needs to be done.
I did not choose this.
Cholangio chose me.
It hunted me and my family.
Now I hunt it.
This is my something special.
Why Cycling
Cancer took it from me.
I took it back.
A distraction — a challenge within the challenge.
Cycling is where I filter my thoughts —
empty them out to find the gold nuggets that lie among them.
It’s where I gain perspective, and see the breakthroughs and possibilities.
It’s where How We Win and the Cancer Doctrines were conceived and built.
Cycling, like life, demands discipline, vision, perseverance, and innovation.
It grounds my effort.
It keeps me connected to the opportunity — life.
In the early days, it was a mental escape into a parallel world —
away from ICU beds and thoughts of imminent death.
Later, it became a place of vision and innovation —
a moving workshop where everything I’d learned could evolve into something greater.
My Challenge
Separating the lessons learned from the emotions that encapsulated them has been a significant challenge. Initially, I sought to detach them for clearer communication. Yet, I realized that these emotions are not just carriers, but integral components of the lessons themselves. My challenge now lies in sharing these intertwined experiences in a way that offers tangible benefits
ContactME
For more information please contact me
Warm Regards Steve
Getting the Workplace
cancerREADY
Around 40% of all cancers occur during our working lives, making an all-cancer approach crucial for the entire community, especially the workplace. The ‘cancerREADY’ program and initiatives that I have developed provide best-in-class, evidence-based patient education, and support resources. The goal is to equip and empower people with awareness and education before or in response to an unexpected cancer diagnosis. Similar to how CPR awareness has significantly improved survival rates by providing knowledge and skills before a cardiac event, implementing the ‘cancerREADY’ program initiative can also improve outcomes.
The cancerREADY program is designed to tackle this challenge across four distinct layers:
- Mental Wellbeing: How to talk about cancer
- Business Cancer Culture
- Leadership Cancer Culture, and
- Employee Cancer Culture, which includes their family, friends, and colleagues
By providing a simple, easy-to-follow structure around doing the right things in the right order, we can mitigate the mental health issues associated with cancer and improve outcomes. To survive cancer, we need to see it and know it in order to deal with it. By implementing the ‘cancerREADY’ program in the workplace, we can create a culture of preparedness that provides a distinct survival advantage.”

Claire, Georgia, Zach and me
A family still standing — because open-minded people acted. That was all it took to set this unlikely survival in motion.